(b) Size of the difference between STIM and SHAM for post-stimulus SO amplitudes for clicks applied at different phase/delay-bins for young people. (a) Distribution of the post-stimulus absolute trough amplitude of SOs during SHAM (white bars) and STIM (blue bars) in young subjects. Slow-wave amplitudes after CLAS in young and old subjects. Shaded areas represent subject mean ± SD. As CLAS targets SO peaks, the distribution of events is not even across all bins, 45° bin (J) and 135° bin (K) are also depicted for reference. (e) Histograms of detected events for all datasets. Here we show 30 events of one young subject around the 45° bin (J) and 135° bin (K). For instance, in the phase analysis, trials in which the stimulation was applied 45° around the bin centre were selected and comprise the events of each bin. (d) For the detected and stimulated SOs, the trough-to-trough interval in both phase and time was divided into 50 bins. Only SS that start in the detection interval were analyzed (yellow shadow). (c) Detection of sleep spindles (SS) as well as SO and SS measurements used in the analysis. For SO wave phase, 0° states the negative to positive zero-crossing (ZC), −90° and 270° represent the SO troughs and 90° the SO peak of the trace. (b) The delay from the zero-crossing to the click time (vertical arrow line) and the corresponding click phase were obtained and used as reference points for further analysis. All datasets presented similar ERPs with increased SOs amplitude for the STIM condition. Two clicks marked by the vertical arrow lines were presented in the predicted up-state. (a) Stimulation protocols were similar in all datasets. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society.ĭescription of datasets and analysis methods. It is possible that this is due to the fluctuation of sensory inputs modulated by the thalamocortical networks during the SO.Īge closed-loop auditory stimulation memory sleep slow oscillation. Our data suggest that CLAS can more effectively boost SOs during specific phase windows, and these differ between young and older participants. Click phase on the SO wave was the main factor determining the impact of auditory stimulation on spindle likelihood for young subjects, whereas for older participants, the temporal lag since the last spindle was a better predictor of spindle likelihood. For both groups, analyses showed that the optimal timing for click delivery is close to the SO peak phase. We revealed that auditory clicks applied anywhere on the positive portion of the SO increased SO amplitudes and spindle likelihood, although the interval of opportunity was shorter in the older group. Post-stimulus SOs and spindles were evaluated according to the click phase on the SOs and compared between and within conditions. The participants received CLAS during slow-wave-sleep in two experimental conditions: sham and auditory stimulation. We examined the main factors predicting SO amplitude and sleep spindles in a dataset of 21 young and 17 older subjects. Here, we determine the optimal time to present auditory clicks to maximize the enhancement of SO amplitude and spindle likelihood. CLAS boosts SOs amplitude and sleep spindle power, but the optimal timing for click delivery remains unclear. Closed-loop auditory stimulation (CLAS) is a method for enhancing slow oscillations (SOs) through the presentation of auditory clicks during sleep.
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